The regular consumption of spermidine can lead to an increased number of memory cells as well as reduce the inflammatory cytokines. Autophagy may support the disposal of pathogenic microorganisms, leading to better immune defense.

Human studies

Spermidine, a Natural Polyamine, Suppresses LFA-1 Expression on Human Lymphocyte

Animal studies

Antigen-Loading Compartments for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules Continuously Receive Input from Autophagosomes

Cytoplasmic bacteria can be targets for autophagy

Autophagy, induced by spermidine, decreases the known signs of aging within the human body. Not only can the consistent consumption of spermidine restore the spermidine pool, but it is also correlated with reduced mortality as well as a 5 year increase in the life expectancy of mice according to an epidemiological study.

Human studies

Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower mortality: a prospective population-based study

The importance of dietary polyamines in cell regeneration and growth

Animal studies

Spermidine: a physiological autophagy inducer acting as an anti-aging vitamin in humans? Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity

The prevention of age-related cardiovascular diseases may be aided by spermidine. Through the possible increase in the mitochondrial content of cardiovascular cells, cellular respiration may be improved. Myocardial muscle cells, which are responsible for the contraction of the heart, consume spermidine, potentially triggering autophagy.

Human studies

Food Polyamine and Cardiovascular Disease - An Epidemiological Study

Animal studies

Beneficial effects of spermidine on cardiovascular health and longevity suggest a cell type-specific import of polyamines by cardiomyocytes

Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine

Spermidine reduces lipid accumulation and necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic plaques via induction of autophagy

Polyamines and microbiota in bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve aortopathy

Autophagy, triggered by spermidine, may remove harmful proteins that are responsible for the development of neurological disorders such as ALS, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's.

Human studies

The effect of spermidine on memory performance with older adults at risk for dementia: A randomized controlled trial 

Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline

Animal studies

Induction of autophagy by spermidine is neuroprotective via inhibition of caspase 3-mediated Beclin 1 cleavage

Autophagy activators rescue and alleviate pathogenesis of a mouse model with proteinopathies of the TAR DNA-binding protein 43

Spermidine reduces lipid accumulation and necrotic core formation in atherosclerotic plaques via induction of autophagy

Influence of microRNA deregulation on chaperone-mediated autophagy and a-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease

The production of stem cells may be enhanced by spermidine, resulting in positive effects on bone density. It being a natural polyamine, spermidine may help prevent bone loss through a preferred disruption of osteoclastic activity on ovariectomized mice.

Animal studies

The Natural Polyamines of Spermidine and Spermine Prevent Bone Loss through Preferential Disruption of Osteoclastic Activation in Ovariectomized Mice

Rapamycin and other longevity-promoting compounds enhance the generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells

Spermidine may boost keratin production, resulting in enhanced hair growth and reduced hair loss.

Human studies

A spermidine-based nutritional supplement prolongs the anagen phase of hair follicles in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

Spermidine promotes human hair growth and is a novel modulator of human epithelial stem cell functions